The increasing complexity of immigration laws globally has profound effects on Family reunification processes, often resulting in significant emotional, legal, economic, and social challenges for immigrants. This study aims to explore the impact of these laws on Family reunification, specifically examining the personal narratives and experiences of affected families. The objective is to understand the multi-dimensional consequences of immigration policies on Family dynamics and well-being. This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with 22 participants who have directly experienced the Family reunification process under current immigration laws. Participants were selected through snowball sampling and outreach via immigrant advocacy groups, ensuring a diverse representation in terms of age, gender, and origin. Data collection aimed for theoretical saturation and was analyzed using NVivo software to identify themes related to the impacts of immigration laws on Family reunification. Four main themes were identified: Emotional Impact, Legal and Administrative Barriers, Economic Consequences, and Social and Cultural Integration. Emotional impacts included stress, anxiety, loss, resilience, and effects on children. Legal and administrative barriers highlighted the complexity of legal processes, issues with accessibility of resources, and the implications of frequent policy changes. Economic consequences focused on financial strain, employment challenges, and housing instability. Social and cultural integration covered challenges related to cultural adaptation, community support, discrimination, stigma, and Family dynamics. The study reveals that immigration laws intricately affect the emotional and psychological health, economic stability, and social integration of immigrant families. The findings underscore the need for policies that consider the profound human impacts of immigration laws, advocating for reforms that facilitate smoother and more humane Family reunification processes.

The right to seek asylum recognized as a fundamental human right, encompasses international protection of people seeking asylum. Protection of children's right to asylum, particularly for unaccompanied minors (UAMs) who are at risk of several physical and psychological problems on the forced migration route, is one of the challenging issues. This paper attempts to answer this question that to what extent international refugee law and European refugee law are providing international protection for unaccompanied and separated refugee children? In this study, the rights of asylum-seeking children and particularly their right to Family reunification have been examined according to international documents. Further, it deals with recent European Union instruments concerning legalization of protection of UAMs and affirmation of the Family reunion right to represent the UAMs best interest principle. Children as the most vulnerable group of refugees are known to be half of the global refugee population, whom never has been included sufficiently in the International Refugee Law instruments. Thus, there is no comprehensive international binding instrument for their protection yet and there is no official definition for UAMs in biding international instruments. Therefore, legislating a comprehensive international convention about their protection is necessary.

Family Unity is one of the principles of human rights and is considered in numerous international instruments including the International Bill of Human Rights. However, when the unity right and Family re: union: are considered within the framework of international human rights and especially for refugee, they are faced with several challenges in recognition and application on the basis of documents and practice. In any case, since the refugee, as a human being enjoy the fundamental human rights their enjoyment of Family unity and reunification in the country of destination is inevitable, necessary and achievable under the international human rights law. This paper gives consideration to international and state practices in this issue while it investigates about the status of the right to Family unity for refugees in international law and its challenges and it also legally analyzes the existing capacities in order to join Family members to refugee and problems they facing with.

Introduction: Natural disasters cause many problems for society. Children are one of the most vulnerable groups that could face severe mental illness and are often separated from their Family members and primary caregivers in this situation. Therefore, professional interventions are necessary to reduce the consequence of such situations for children. The purpose of this article is to report a social work intervention in a natural disaster. Case Description: Hadi was a three years old boy who was one of the victims of the Kermanshah earthquake. As well as physical injuries, he was severely distressed and separated from his parents caused by the earthquake. His Family suffered from the parents’ high conflict relationship. Hadi’ s mother was hospitalized and his father refused to take care of him. Hadi received a social work intervention relying on crisis intervention approach, stress reduction techniques and IDTR. Therefore Hadi recovered his good feeling and reunified with his Family. Conclusions: Using the crisis intervention approach, social workers should provide appropriate services for affected people in the shortest time when disasters occur. Scientific evidence suggested that IDTR could affect children’ s mental health and child protection in natural disasters.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting Family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of Family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

The issue of the reunification of the Korean Peninsula have become more serious in the academic and political circles after the death of North Korea's leader in December 2011. The division of the Korean mainland into Northern and Southern parts since the end of World War II, halted the integrated development of the Korean people and created hostility between the north and south. This has become a large barrier against comprehensive peace in North East Asia and the Korean Peninsula. The current crisis of the Korean Peninsula is rooted in the Cold War and the functions of foreign agents. But after the passage of more than two decades from the Cold War, the Korean crisis still remains in vigor and the reunification talks have not born any fruit. In addition to a short historical review of the Korea division and prospects for the reunification, this paper tries to analyze the positions of great powers on the unification by applying a theoretical approach. The study relying upon the neorealism theory of international relations, shows that influential powers in this region (United States of America, Russia, China, Japan) are seeking to maintain the status quo, because the Korean unification would change the equation of powers in the region resulting that their long-term interests lying in maintaining balance, would be damaged.

Background: Lung cancer is one the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with more than 1. 2 million deaths each year. In addition to genetic mutations, epigenetic modifications may contribute to the induction and progression of cancer. The term epigenetic refers to several molecular mechanisms and pathways that regulate gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. These mechanisms include alterations in the histone modification, the methylation status of DNA, chromatin remodeling, and microRNAs. Cancer cells exhibit changes in histone modification patterns at individual genes. Epigenetic deregulation can affect several aspects of tumor cell biology comprising cell growth, cell differentiation, and cell death. Histones are highly conserved alkaline proteins that can become post-translationally modified at the amino acid residues located on their N and C-terminal tails. There are four core histones include histone 2 A, histone 2 B, histone 3, and histone 4, and one linker histone, histone 1. Histone modifying enzymes, such as histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone deacetylases (HDACs), histone methyltransferases (HMTs), histone demethylases (HDMs), is often responsible for the aberrant histone modifications. HDACs and HATs are two counteracting enzyme families whose enzymatic activity controls the acetylation state of protein lysine residues. Aberrant histone acetylation is associated with several solid cancers. In mammals, HDACs form three groups based on their sequence homology and are classified as HDACs I, II, and III. These enzymes have a critical role in modulating the balance between pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins. Dysregulation of HDACs and aberrant deacetylation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers. Overexpression of these enzymes correlates with tumorigenesis. Two known mechanisms, methylation and histone deacetylation seem to be the best candidate mechanisms for inactivation of CIP/KIP (p21CIP1/WAF1, p27KIP1, and p57KIP2) and INK4 (p15INK4b, p16INK4a, p18INK4c, and p19INKd) families. Histone deacetylation is a general mechanism for the inactivation of the CIP/KIP Family in various cancers such as gastric cancer, human colon cancer cell line HT-29, human breast cancer MDA231 cell line, human non-small cell lung cancer c ell line, A549 cells. HDAC inhibitors have been considered to be a novel class of cancer treatment agent. These compounds include trichostatin A (TSA), butyrate, trapoxin (TPX), MS-27-275 (a synthetic benzamide derivative) and apicidin. Previously, we reported the effect of trichostatin A on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of TSA on histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC 1), CIP/KIP (p21CIP1/WAF1, p27KIP1, and p57KIP2), cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in lung cancer COR-L105 cell line. Methods: First, the lung cancer COR-L105 cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with sodium butyrate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium pyruvate, 10% FBS and antibiotics (penicillin G and streptomycin) at 37° C in 5% CO2 overnight and then seeded into 96-well plates (3× 105 cells per well). After 24 h, the medium was replaced with an experimental medium containing various concentrations of TSA (0, 1, 2. 5, 5, 7. 5, 10, and 20 μ M). The control groups received DMSO only, at a concentration of 0. 05  %. After a period of 24 and 48h, the cells were investigated by MTT assay according to Standard protocols to determine cell viability. Therefore, MTT solution was added to each well for 4 h at 37℃ and then the MTT solution was changed by DMSO and shaken for 10 min to dissolve all of the crystals. Finally, the optical density was detected by a microplate reader at a wavelength of 570 nM. Each experiment was repeated three times (triplicates). To determine apoptotic cells, the COR-L105 cells were cultured at a density of 3 × 105 cells/well and incubated overnight and then treated with TSA (2. 5 μ M) for different periods (24 and 48 h). Subsequently, the treated and untreated cells were harvested by trypsinization, washed with cold PBS, and resuspended in Binding buffer (1x). Finally, Annexin-V-(FITC) and PI were used according to the protocol to determine the apoptotic cells by FACScan flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR amplification and analysis were achieved to quantitatively estimate the expression of histone deacetylase 1(HDAC 1) and CIP/KIP (p21CIP1/WAF1, p27KIP1, and p57KIP2) in TSA (25 µ M)-treated COR-L105 cells at different times. After treatment times, Total RNA was isolated by RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’ s protocol and then treated by RNase free DNase (Qiagen) to eliminate the genomic DNA. The RNA concentration was determined using a Biophotometer (Eppendorf). Total RNA (100 ng) was reverse-transcribed to cDNA by using the RevertAid™ First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Fermentas) according to the manufacturer’ s instructions. Real-time RT-PCR was performed by the Maxima SYBR Green RoxqPCR master mix kit (Fermentas). The primer sequences are shown in Table1. Real-time PCR reactions were performed using the Steponeplus (Applied Biosystem). Data were analyzed using the comparative Ct (Δ Δ ct) method, the relative expression level of the genes were calculated by determining a ratio between the amount of these genes and that of endogenous control. GAPDH was used as a reference gene for internal control. Results: To test the effect of TSA (0, 1, 2. 5, 5, 7. 5, 10, and 20 μ M) on the lung cancer COR-L105 cell viability, MTT assay was utilized. Our findings showed that the rate of cell growth inhibition was significantly increased in than that of control groups after 24 and 48 h. Results showed that the number of viable cells decreased significantly, as the concentration of the compounds and duration increased; indicating a dose-and duration-dependent relationship (p<0. 001). The IC50 values were determined with approximately 2. 5 μ M for TSA. Flow cytometric analysis was achieved to determine whether TSA (2. 5 μ M) can induce apoptosis in the lung cancer COR-L105 line. The percentage of treated and un-treated COR-L105 apoptotic cells was evaluated by staining with annexin V-FITC and PI after 24 and 48 h of treatment. After treatment with TSA, the apoptosis percentage increased significantly. The effect of TSA (2. 5 μ M) on the histone deacetylase 1(HDAC 1) and CIP/KIP (p21CIP1/WAF1, p27KIP1, and p57KIP2) gene expression was investigated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. The result indicated that the treatment of lung cancer COR-L105 cells with TSA (2. 5 μ M) for 24 and 48 h reactivated the p21CIP1/WAF1, p27KIP1, and p57KIP2 gene, down-regulated HDAC 1 significantly. Conclusion: TSA can down-regulate HDAC 1 and up-regulate p21CIP1/WAF1, p27KIP1, and p57KIP2 gene expression and induce apoptosis in lung cancer COR-L105 cell line.